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This algae provides nutrition to the coral polyps, helping them to grow more rapidly. Many scleractinian corals have photosynthetic symbiotic algae in their tissues, called zooxanthellae. Modern corals―scleractinians―first appeared in the Triassic, and include both solitary and colonial species. Both rugose and tabulate corals went extinct at the end of the Permian. These corals receive their name from the table-like horizontal partitions within their chambers. (Solitary forms are often called "horn corals.") Tabulate corals were exclusively colonial and produced a variety of shapes, including sheetlike and chainlike forms. Rugose corals were both colonial and solitary. Solitary coral lives independently, as a single isolated polyp. Colonial corals live in colonies of hundreds or even thousands of individuals that are attached to one another. Each group of coral possesses distinctly shaped "cups" that hold individual animals, or polyps. They possess stinging tentacles, which they use to feed on small planktonic prey. They were the first animals to reproduce sexually.Corals are sessile relatives of jellyfish and sea anemones. Sponges also use their pumping to reproduce: they pump sperm and eggs into the water. We go on a wild ride inside the sponge through holes, tunnels and chambers. Cristina Diaz demonstrates how quickly sponges filter water to obtain food by injecting a colored dye just outside the sponge and watching how quickly the sponge pumps out the dye. Filter feeders must filter the water to separate out the organisms and nutrients they want to eat from those they do not. They are therefore known as filter feeders. Sponges are the only animals that if broken down to the level of their cells, they can reassemble themselves. How does a sponge obtain food if it Cannot move Because sponges are sessile meaning they cannot move they filter water to obtain their food. Sponge cells carry out all the functions that organs carry out in higher animals and they communicate with each other, an ability all animal cells share. We see an animated view of the incredible variety of shapes of these spicules. In addition, sponges have microscopic crystalline spicules that act as a skeleton. Coming in many sizes and shapes, sponge bodies are a loose assemblage of cells held together by a special protein called collagen which is present in all animals. The ancient sponge appeared about 2.5 billion years ago-the first animal. ** note: To enable closed captioning, please click on the small CC in the bottom right of the video controls. Gail Grabowsky Kaaialii, Marine Biologist.
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